Julius Caesars contribution to the World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2173 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Julius Caesar Essay Did you like this example? Some people argue that Caesar was a selfish power-hungry emperor while others believe he was an intelligent strategist who developed revolutionary ideas that are still used today. To investigate these claims, several topics will be researched including the details of his rule and the many changes he made to develop Rome into an empire. Some specific research topics include Caesars rise to power (The First Triumvirate), Caesars expansion of the Roman empire, the conversion of Rome from a republic into an empire, and Caesars reform for the city of Rome. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Julius Caesars contribution to the World" essay for you Create order These topics will point out that even though the poorer classes idolized his many achievements, Caesars disregard for political procedures, powerful control of the military, and attempt to rule solely led to his untimely demise. The goal of the paper is to evaluate Caesars accomplishments and determine if he truly was a power-hungry ruler or an ambitious emperor who was too smart for his own good. Caesars rise to power began on either the 12th or 13th of July 100 BC when he was born to Gaius Julius Caesar and Aurelia Cotta into the Julii family (Wheeler). The father and uncle of Julius had ties to the party of Marius which was known as the popular party (Taylor). At the age of 16, Julius became the head of his household when his father passed away. By this time, Caesars uncle had risen to power and was named the consul which gave him the ability to appoint Julius to the position of High Priest of Jupiter (Wheeler). This was Caesars first taste of a position of power, but he desired more and married into a noble family after divorcing his first wife in order to set himself in a position of higher status (Wheeler). Caesars uncle was overturned as emperor and Caesar was stripped of his position as the High Priest of Jupiter by Sulla who had become dictator of Rome following the defeat of the Marius at the Battle of Colline Gate because he was unwilling to divorce his new wife to marry someone in Sullas family (Taylor). This incident led to the fleeing of Caesar to the East where he joined the Roman army in Turkey. He received the Civic Crown in honor of his bravery in the Siege of Mytilene (Wheeler). Caesar was then able to return to Rome following the death of Sulla in the year 78 BC, and he became a lawyer who was known for his ability to attack and defend in court (Wheeler). Caesar began his quick climb of the political ladder in 72 BC when he served as the military tribune for the year, and a quaestor in Spain, Rome following the death of his wife in 69 BC ( Wheeler). When Caesar returned from Spain, he married the granddaughter of Sulla and bribed his way into being elected Pontifex Maximus (Wheeler). Caesar later divorced this wife and was elected the governor of Spain which allowed him to create an unofficial alliance also known as the first triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus(Wheeler). This unofficial alliance was sealed when Caesar gave his daughter Julia to Pompey and was elected consul in the following year 59 BC (Wheeler). Through this election as consul, Caesar began to set the stage for his rise to power in the form of his Agrarian Bill which gave the wasteland in I taly to the soldiers and poor of Rome, gaining the support of the lower class and the soldiers. This election also set the stage for Caesar to become the governor of Roman Gaul in 58 BC (Wheeler). Caesars rise to power shows us the dedication and perseverance Caesar had to become something greater than what he was. We also see the abilities of Caesar in combat as he was awarded the Civic Crown and this set the stage for his success in his desire to expand the borders of Rome. Caesars new position as the governor of the Roman Gaul led to his desire to expand his rule over more land and the people who inhabited these lands, so he set his sights on conquering all of Gaul which led to the Gallic Wars (Wheeler). Caesar was able to win battle after battle in the conquest of Gaul, and it wasnt long before he was able to focus on other conquests such as extending the Roman territory deeper than ever into Germany beyond the Rhine (Wheeler). These conquests and victories groomed Caesar into a brilliant leader and strategist that would later go on to extend the empire of Rome to a magnitude greater than it had ever been before. The success that Caesar was having as a general led to unrest back home in Rome as Pompey was growing more wary of the power that Caesar was accumulating. Fights were constantly breaking out between supporters of Caesar and the supporters of Pompey, but Caesar was unaware of these events and continued to press on into Gaul in his conquest (Wh eeler). As Caesar continued to extend the Roman territory into new provinces, it raised questions as to whether Caesar was fighting for his own power, or for the good of the Roman empire and the people that were in it. This question is answered as Caesar, against the wishes of the Senate, crossed the Rubicon River. This action was very significant because it directly disobeyed the leaders in Rome and it was an act of war according to the law of the Roman Republic (Redonet). Why would Caesar choose to disobey a direct command and declare war? From the account of the historian Suetonius, it was stated that a man sent from the gods sounded a trumpet, and Caesar declared Take we the course which the signs of the gods and the false dealing of our foes point out. The die is cast (Redonet). This states that Caesar based his decision to declare war, disobey the Senate, and begin a civil war in Rome on this apparition sent from the gods. Caesars decision to directly disobey the law and Senate did, in fact, begin a war in Rome and began the end for the conquest of Gaul (Redonet). When Caesar subjugated Gaul, Rome gained a large increase in territory that protected it from invasions, but Caesar benefited from this victory the most in the form of war glory and Gallic gold that he used to pay off many Roman senators debt in exchange for their support (Redonet). This speaks volumes as to the man Caesar is. He disobeyed the law directly and began a war in the name of strengthening the power of Rome when the true intent was political gain and glory for himself. It shows that he was a superior war leader, but a corrupt individual with only the thirst for his own benefit. At the end of his conquest of Gaul, Pompey and his group of optimate allies obliged Caesar to give up his position as governor, dismantle his army, and lose his immunity that came with the position of governor (Redonet). The end of the Gallic wars marked the beginning of Caesars ascent to rule over Rome and the conversion of Rome from a republic to an empire. Caesar, even though he had broken Roman law would not resign his position of power as governor and decided he would remain governor and run for reelection the following year. Pompey and the optimates were set on taking away the power Caesar had accumulated and looked to the Senate to dismantle his army and elect a new governor, but once word of this reached Caesar, he decided he must defend himself politically and through his military power (Redonet). This again shows Caesars direct disobedience of those in positions greater than his own, supporting the idea that he was merely looking out for his own gain. He resorted to bribery in the senate to avoid losing his power and position. After the deadline for Caesar to resign his position, Pompey began to take actions against Caesar such as tricking Caesar into sending a legion of troops to Italy whe re Pompey then took control of them (Redonet). This only angered Caesar and the rivalry between himself and Pompey only grew until an all-out war was on the brink of occurring (Redonet). The Senate voted that Caesar and Pompey both dismantle their armies at the same time, but secretly asked Pompey to act against Caesar in order to preserve the republic (Redonet). The senates desire for Pompey to take action against Caesar while also declaring a mutual peace agreement take place was against the law. This shows that it was common practice to disobey the Roman law when it was seen as for the good of Rome. In Caesars eyes, he may have seen it as being for the good of the people when he previously crossed the Rubicon and broke the law, but this does show his corruption as a leader that he would break the law in order to achieve success. The Senate went on to vote to make Caesar a public enemy, but Mark Antony vetoed this action because he was Caesars ally (Redonet). The Senate continued their votings and decided that they needed to pull armies together in order to protect Rome from any attacks, and when Antony and Quintus Cassius attempted to combat this vote, they were forced to flee for their lives to Caesar in Gaul (Redonet). Caesar felt he had no choice but to use his loyal army in order to take power over Rome to avoid losing his own power a nd commenced his long war with Pompey and his many followers. Caesars struggle to end Pompey and his supporters brought him to Egypt where Pompey was killed by the Egyptian ruler Ptolemy XIII, and this is where Caesar helped Cleopatra VII, who would later play a role in Caesars ultimate demise, to win the civil war that was going on in Egypt (Redonet). Caesar was finally able to return to Rome after several more battles to defeat the remaining supporters of Pompey the Roman people had only one choice, to accept him as their powerful ruler (Hussein). Caesar went on to end the republic in Rome declared himself as dictator for life (Heather). Caesar once named the ruler of Rome drastically reformed the city of Rome in several ways. The most well-known change that took place was Caesars rule as the only individual with power over Rome who was self-appointed, whereas, before Caesar, they had a republic with an appointed official to rule with a set of written laws that acted as a constitution. He created a lasting effect in Rome. The name Caesar became the new name for all of the new rulers after Caesar and even carried over into many cultures (Karpf). With his new power, Caesar began the practice of placing an image of himself on the coinage, a practice that is now very common in todays world (Karpf). He also improved how the land and grain was distributed, often giving more to the poor and to the soldiers that fought for Rome (Redonet). He also established new forms of government across Italy, putting officials into power that he felt were fit to do the job (Redonet). Caesars actions pleased the commoners of Rome because h e gave land, food, and entertainment to them, but the other political figures in Rome grew jealous of him and the power he now had. Caesar had grown comfortable in his position of power, and was unaware of the plot that was going on around him that included his most trusted friends including Marcus Brutus The Assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC. Caesar lay dying beneath the statue of Pompey, a legendary general, a man who served the people, a corrupt politician who used bribery, and a self-proclaimed ruler of Rome. With the many reforms that Caesar had begun to make, he had only had about a year before this assassination took place. The closest friends of Caesar, the men he trusted most had deemed it the best interest of Rome to end his life, an act that again supports the idea that Julius Caesar wasnt the compassionate, caring leader he thought himself to be. Julius Caesar was one of the most successful war generals in Roman history who was able to extend the borders of Rome further than they had ever been before, but his success as a general led to his ultimate demise. He was a man hungry for power, so hungry that he was willing to break the laws of his people and create wars that killed many citizens in his quest for his power. The power he held caused him to change the way Rome ran, taking away the voice of the people and replaced it with what he thought was in their best interest. Julius Caesar did leave a lasting impression on the world, but it was not all in a positive way. Overall, Caesar was a power-hungry ruler who held himself above the law and ultimately caused his own downfall.

Marketing Strategy Of Black Ivory Coffee Essay - 1195 Words

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Poverty Point Culture Essay Example For Students

Poverty Point Culture Essay Poverty Point sites in Louisiana and western Mississippi exhibit the first major residential settlements and monumentalearthworks in the United States. Although the Poverty Point culture is not well understood in terms of social organization, it wasinvolved in the transportation of nonlocal raw materials (for example, shell, stone, and copper) from throughout the easternUnited States into the lower Mississippi River Valley to selected sites where the materials were worked into finished productsand then traded. While specific information on Poverty Point subsistence, trade mechanisms, and other cultural aspects is stillspeculative, the sites nevertheless exhibit specific material culture, such as baked clay objects, magnetite plummets, steatitebowls, red-jasper lapidary work, fiber-tempered pottery, and microlithic stone tools. By around 500 B.C., the Poverty Point culture was replaced by the Tchula/Tchefuncte Early Woodland culture, which existedin western Tennessee, Louisiana, south ern Arkansas, western Mississippi, and coastal Alabama. The sites of this lowerMississippi River Valley culture were small village settlements. Subsistence continued to consist of intensive collecting of wildplants and animals, as with the preceding Poverty Point culture, but for the first time quantities of pottery were produced. Thereappears to be a de-emphasis on long-distance trade and manufacture of lithic artwork noted in the earlier Poverty Point culture. The Tchula/Tchefuncte Early Woodland culture appears to have coexisted with some Middle Woodland cultures in the lowerMississippi River Valley. The pottery of this period appears to have been relatively crude and undecorated. The pottery isdistinctive in being thick, poorly fired and covered on the inside and outside by cord marking. Thiscord marking was probably the result of construction techniques in which clay was formed around abasket or bag before firing. Not all Early Woodland sites had pottery and some researchers suggestthat it was used only for part of the year, perhaps during the processing of acorns or other nuts fortheir oil. During this time period burials became even more elaborate with increased inclusion of statusartifacts. Some of these exotic artifacts show clear evidence of influence and contact with even moreelaborate and complex cultural groups to the south. In these areas, clearly complex and stratifiedsocieties, probably with full time chiefs and priests, had developed and were interacting with manyother widely distributed groups across North America. Exchange of exotic desirable goods such ascopper, silver, obsidian, sea shells and exotic, often colourful, cherts seems to have been the maingoal of this interaction sphere but, undoubtedly, the exchange of ideas was also important instimulating further development. Whether foods or furs for clothing was also exchanged is unknownat this time. The main characteristic, besides elaboration of burial practices, that distinguished the Early and Middle Woodland from LateArchaic traditions, was the gradual intensification of local and interregional exchange of exotic materials. For many yearsarcheologists have regarded as classic those Middle Woodland sites with elaborate ceremonial earthworks that contained theburial mound graves of elite individuals buried with exotic mortuary gifts obtained through an extensive trade network coveringmost of the eastern United States. Because of the similarity of earthworks and burial goods found at widely scattered sites inthe Southeast and the area north of the Ohio River, it was assumed that a cultural continuity-sometimes referred to as theHopewellian Interaction Sphere-existed throughout much of the eastern United States. At least some nonorganic trade items canbe identified from the study of the burial mounds of the Middle Woodland. To this trade, the Middle Woodland territories ofthe So utheast appear to have provided mica, quartz crystals, and chlorite from the Carolinas, and a variety of marine shells, aswell as shark and alligator teeth, from the Florida Gulf Coast. In exchange, the Middle Woodland clans of the Southeastreceived galena from Missouri, flint from Illinois, grizzly bear teeth, obsidian and chalcedony from the Rockies, and copperfrom the Great Lakes. Standardization of style for the finished artifacts used in this trade may be attributed to a relatively smallnumber of clan leaders controlling the exchange system and developing their own symbolic artifact language of what tradegoods constituted a reciprocal exchange between clans. The Middle Woodland (200 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 900) period is distinguished from the EarlyWoodland only in few, relatively minor, aspects. These relate to some aspects of the chipped lithictool inventory (i.e. changes in projectile point types) and the addition of decoration of increasingelaboration to the pottery. Pottery is found on a greater percentage of sites so may have becomemore widely used in the seasonal round. There is some evidence of different cultural groups butthese differences appear mostly as style differences in pottery and may be more a result of thelimited state of knowledge for this time period. These different traditions will be described in greaterdetail below. .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 , .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .postImageUrl , .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 , .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3:hover , .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3:visited , .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3:active { border:0!important; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3:active , .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3 .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65b0d4188366900f0167d6661fb9e5b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dostoyevsky And His Works EssayDuring the Middle Woodland period, burialceremonialism appears to have reached itspeak. It was at this time that the most exoticitems were included in burials and most ofthe known burial mounds were constructed. These include the Serpent Mound at RiceLake, a burial mound which was shapedlike a giant snake, and the mounds at RainyRiver. Much of the elaboration in mortuaryceremonialism is attributed to contact withthe Hopewellian people in the Ohio Valley. This influence appears to end around A.D. 250 and after this time burial ceremonialismappears to decrease. Around A.D. 500, the archeological record reveals a sharp decline in the construction of Middle Woodland burial mounds inthe Hopewellian core area of the Ohio River drainage. The decline in the construction of burial mounds is accompanied bydisruption of the long-distance trade in exotic materials and interregional art styles. Traditionally, archeologists have viewed the Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 500 1000) as a time of cultural poverty. LateWoodland settlements, with the exception of sites along the Florida Gulf Coast, tended to be small when compared withMiddle Woodland sites. Based on our present-day perspective, few outstanding works of prehistoric art or architecture can beattributed to this time period. Careful analysis, however, shows that, throughout the Southeast, the Late Woodland was a verydynamic period. Bow-and-arrow technology, allowing for increased hunting efficiency, became widespread. New varieties ofmaize, beans, and squash were introduced or gained economic importan ce at this time, which greatly supplemented existingnative seed and root plants. Finally, although settlement size was small, there was a marked increase in the numbers of LateWoodland sites over Middle Woodland sites, indicating a population increase. These factors tend to give a view of the LateWoodland period as an expansive period, not one of a cultural collapse. The reasons for possible cultural degradations at the end of the Middle Woodland and the subsequent emergence of the LateWoodland are poorly understood. There are several possible explanations. The first is that populations increased beyond thepoint of carrying capacity of the land, and, as the trade system broke down, clans resorted to raiding rather than trading withother territories to acquire important resources. A second possibility is that a rapid replacement of the Late Archaic spear andatlatl with the newer bow-and-arrow technology quickly decimated the large game animals, interrupting the hunting componentof food procurement and resulting in settlements breaking down into smaller units to subsist on local resources. This ended longdistance trade and the need for elite social units. A third possible reason is that colder climate conditions about A.D. 400 mighthave affected yields of gathered foods, such as nuts or starchy seeds, thereby disrupting the trade networks. A fourth and possibly interrelated reason is that intensified horticulture became so successful that increased agriculturalproduction may have reduced variation in food resource availability between differing areas. This reliance on horticulture,involving only a few types of plants, would have carried with it a risk where variations in rainfall or climate could cause famineAnthropology

Summary Normative Accounting Theory by Md. Humayun Kadir Essay Example

Summary Normative Accounting Theory by Md. Humayun Kadir Essay Mohd Asrool Hasbullah B Shuib 1051109833 Lecture: Miss Mariati bt NorHashim Summary Normative Accounting Theory by Md. Humayun Kadir* This summary reviews Normative Accounting Theory by Md. Humayun Kadir* thats show five important works on normative accounting theory – MacNeal (1939), Paton and Littleton (1940), Litteton (1953), Chambers(1966), and Ijiri(1975) – with emphasis on recognition and measurement issues in accounting. It shows that there is a lack of agreement among these theorists on basic assumptions and hypothesized information needs of the users. Even where there is agreement on an assumption, different implications have been drawn therefrom by the concerned theorist. These differences lead to diffrent recognition and measurement proposals. MacNeal(1939): The concept its using is a revolutionary. His work contains a vehement attack against the present accounting practice. He thinks that the function of accounting is to report economic truth. But financial statements, he argues, do not present truth. They are misleading to the investors and creditors. In particular, he says that the historical cost principle and the conservatism convention prevent financial statements from presenting true financial position and the operating results of the firm. MacNeal evaluates three justifications offered in favor of the cost principles. 1. The cost represents the value of a fixed asset to a going concern, called ‘the going value’ theory. 2. Second, it is impractical and expensive to revalue assets every year. 3. And even if revaluations of fixed assets were done every year that would not provide significant information to the users. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Normative Accounting Theory by Md. Humayun Kadir specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Normative Accounting Theory by Md. Humayun Kadir specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Normative Accounting Theory by Md. Humayun Kadir specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He employs a deductive model. MacNeal claims that managers, creditors and stockholders want to know the present net worth of the entity. Creditors need this information because this helps them assess the probability of being repaid. Stockholders need this information because this helps them compare the possessions of their company with those of other companies whose stock they may intend to buy. Managers, creditors and stockholders are also interested in having information regarding all of the profits/losses made by the entity. Financial statements can serve these information needs well if they report present economic values. By economic values, he means market prices established through the free play of demand and supply in a market that is free and competitive, and sufficiently broad and active. He also says that historical cost should be used only in the case of nonmarketable and nonreproducible assets. For MacNeal, it is an irony that the resulting total asset figure in the balance sheet would not make any meaningful sense since the total asset figure would be a curious mixture of market prices, replacement costs, and historical costs. MacNeal suggests that depreciation be calculated on the present economic value of assets, rather than on their historical costs. He also defines depreciation as the loss in value of assets due to physical wear and tear. And for if the depreciation is defined as the loss in value due to physical wear and tear, it could, and should, be measured by direct reference to the market price of used asset if such price is available. It is to be noted that in that case appreciation might have to be recorded instead of depreciation. This is because the market price of used assets might exceed the original cost of the asset. It is also to be noted that MacNeal does not allocate the market price of an asset fully as depreciation expense over its life. Its changes in market prices of assets are decomposed into depreciation expense, capital profits and capital losses. And the sum of depreciation expense,capital profits and capital losses over the whole life of an asset equal its historical cost. MacNeal says that income statement would can be include both realized and unrealized current and capital profits and losses. He suggests a form of income statement in which there are two major sections. One section reports current profits, i. . , profits from business operation and the second section reports capital profits or losses. Current profits or losses are to be closed to earned surplus and capital profits are to be closed to capital surplus. The total of profits reported in two sections would be the total net profit from all sources. And income statement designed as above would report all profits from whate ver sources they may come. This would rectify the present practice of income determination. Income as presently reported is a curious mixture of realized profit and some unrealized profit and loss. This state of income determination was responsible for the legal confusion and contradiction that existed during MacNeal’s time regarding what profit was. Attribution of the failure of the court to comprehend what accounting profit is to the accounting practice of income determination misses the important point that accounting and all of its products are social reality that must be understood in their own terms. This is because is accounting profit is self-referential. [pic] Figure 1: Structure of MacNeal’s (1939) theory Financial statements drawn along the above lines would yield certain benefits to the users of accounting information. First, a prospective mortgagee can decide whether to lend money on a particular asset. An existing mortgagee can evaluate the safety of the loan. Second,a comparison of current assets with current liabilities would reveal the correct current ratio and liquid asset ratio that would help the business entity obtain short-term bank credit consistent with the magnitudes of the ratios. Third, the balance sheet would make large secret reserves and watered stock impossible. Fourth, the balance sheet would reveal the amount of present capital employed. Comparison of this amount with current earnings would reveal management efficient correctly. Fifth, readers of financial statements would be made aware of changes in asset values caused by booms and depression. MacNeal also criticized present accounting practice for creating scope for income management. It is an irony for MacNeal that his proposal would not reduce that scope. The conventional argument is that reporting market prices of assets in the balance sheet would create scope for distorting financial tatements to serve managers’ self-interest unless restraints are placed as to which market prices can be used for asset valuation. Calculating present replacement cost would require a lot of judgment. Reliability of financial statements would thus be hampered. MacNeal seems a little concerned about this issue of reliability. Paton and Littleton (1940): Their attempt to develop a statement of accou nting standards intended to serve as ‘guideposts to the best in accounting practice’. Methodologically speaking,PL is a deductive work in that they base their theory on six basic assumptions. But most of their recommendations conform to the existing accounting practice. The primary purpose of accounting is the periodic determination of income through a systematic matching of costs and revenues. Cost is the basis of recording assets, liabilities and equities and revenues are recorded at the point of sale. Thus the primary accounting report is income statement and the balance sheet is relegated to the secondary position. The purpose of the balance sheet is to report unexpired costs, not asset values. By viewing assets as unexpired costs, PL reject the idea of incorporating periodic revision of asset values into accounts. They also reject the conservatism convention. These are the views of PL. PL erect the above theory on six basic assumptions/concepts. These are (a) the business entity, (b) continuity of activity, (c) measured consideration, (d) costs attach, (e) efforts and accomplishments, and (f) verifiable objective evidence. The business entity concept says that the entity is separate and distinct from all the parties associated with the enterprise and business accounts and statements are those of the entity rather than those of the owner, creditor or any other group concerned. One major implication of this concept is that revenues and expenses should be defined in terms of changes in enterprise assets rather than changes in owner’s equity. The second assumption, i. e. , continuity of activity, is that the business entity will continue in operation in the future. Though there are insolvency, some degree of continuity is our typical experience. Second, this assumption implies that ‘earning power’ is the most significant basis of enterprise value. The income statement is the most important accounting report. The going concern assumption also implies that all special and non-recurring losses and gains should be included in the income statement because these items modify the long-run income stream. The activities of a business enterprise consist largely of exchange transactions with other parties. The function of accounting is to express these transactions in monetary terms. Thus,the basic subject matter of accounting is the ‘measured consideration’ involved in these transactions. Accounting undertakes to report the ‘measured consideration’, not value. The consideration/price aggregate involved in an exchange transaction may indicate the mutual valuation at the point of transaction. In this limited sense, accounting may be said to record values. After the moment of the transaction, values may change but the recorded price aggregate does not. Accounting does not record these changes in values unless the entity is a party to the new transaction. PL (1940) is an excellent piece of work. They are consistent in their recommendations. In recommending accounting standards, they follow the basic assumptions even if the recommendations contradict present practice. For example, present accounting practice embodies the effects of both the proprietary view and the entity view of accounting. While we prepare accounting statements for an accounting entity (the entity view), the income statement reports net income, which is available to the stockholders, which in turn a reflection of the proprietary view. PL adopt the entity view. This view suggests that all providers of funds be treated at par. Hence, they suggest that interest on borrowed funds be shown as a charge against income instead of revenue charge. In other words, in PL’s framework interest is something akin to dividend paid. [pic] Figure 2: P L’s (1940) theoretical structure Chambers (1966): The central theme in Chamber’s system of ideas is adaptation. The assumption is that an entity wants to adapt to the prevailing market condition by engaging in exchanges. It would, therefore, want to know its stock of severable means expressed in contemporary monetary unit, because the amount obtainable from selling the assets determines and limits the entity’s scope of action in the market. The function of accounting is to supply contemporary financial information that can act as a guide to future action. Financial position is defined ‘as the capacity of an entity at a point of time for engaging in exchanges’. It is represented by the relationship between the monetary properties of the means of an entity and the monetary properties of its obligations. Thus assets and liabilities should be reported at their current cash equivalents. This means that assets should be reported at their resale value (i. e. , realizable value) and liabilities should be reported at their present value. However, Chambers insists on recording bonds payable at their face value and marketable bonds and other securities held as investment at market prices. Thus, liabilities and assets are accorded asymmetric treatment. Furthermore, recording bonds payable at face value contradicts Chambers’ emphasis on the entity’s adaptive ability, since if the entity wants to purchase its own bonds in the market, it would have to be pay its prevailing market price, not face amount of the bond. In Chambers’ scheme is that financial statements become allocation-free (Kam, 1990). The depreciation expense in Chambers’ scheme is not an allocation of cost. Rather it is the decline in the market price of an asset. There is inconsistency between Chambers’ stated goal and the detailed rules he lays out for achieving that goal. For example, while he proposes that assets be shown at resale value, his proposal for inventories departs from that. Inventories should be valued at replacement cost, with resale value providing the upper limit. Fixed assets that he terms durables inventories should be reported at resale values if such values are available. If such market prices are not available, specific index numbers be used for transforming the initial cost. Thus, as opposed to Chambers’ claim, the resulting figures of assets do not become additive. It is to be noted that Chambers criticizes historical cost accounting as resulting asset figures that are not additive. This is because asset figures in the balance sheet are historical costs of different dates. [pic] Ijiri (1975): He is an inductivist. Ijiri theorizes conventional historical cost accounting and is a staunch supporter of the historical cost principle. On the one hand, he develops three axioms from which, he claims, conventional accounting practice can be derived. On the other hand, he offers justifications in favor of this principle. The three axioms are as follows (Ijiri 1975: 74): Axiom of Control: The set of all resources under the control of an entity at time t can be identified uniquely at that time or later. Axiom of Quantities: All resources under the control of an entity at time t can be uniquely partitioned into classes of resources at that time or later in such a way that for each class a nonnegative and additive quantity measure is defined. This measure has the property that two sets of resources in the same class are treated as being substitutable in the uses of the resources if and only if their quantities are the same. Axiom of Exchanges: Every change in the set of resources under the control of the entity can be classified uniquely as it occurs either as terminator of an old simple exchange or an initiator of a new simple exchange with an estimated terminator. To Ijiri, the above axioms are analogous to the five axioms of Euclidean geometry from which all theorems in Euclidean geometry can be derived. Ijiri claims that present accounting practice can be derived from the above three axioms. Once the three judgements are made, what remain in accounting are merely computational procedures. As we know, Ijiri is an inductivist. He inductively derives the goal implicit in current accounting practice and uses this goal to suggest improvements in practice. In inducing the goal, he emphasizes the fact that accounting records every transaction. The rationale of this practice, he argues, is that the accountee is accountable for every transaction. He further claims that in a business in which outsiders invest, a manager maintains accounting records not because he expects to use them in internal decision making, but because he expects the records to generate useful information for use by the investors. Thus, he tells us, the goal underlying present accounting practice is accountability. Accounting facilitates the smooth functioning of ‘accountability relationships among interested parties’ (Ijiri 1975: ix, italics in original). And, it is accountability that distinguishes accounting from other information systems in an organization or a society. This is the basic viewpoint of Ijiri (1975). Historical evidence does not lend support to Ijiri’s claim that a business manager maintains accounting records primarily for the outside investors. The generation of huge accounting and other operating data within the American railroad business during their early years during the nineteenth century was driven mainly by the internal information needs of the railroad managers (Chandler 1977). Accountability is one such important perspective on accounting. Ijiri distinguishes his approach from the decision usefulness approach along the following three dimensions: First, the decision usefulness approach emphasizes the output of the accounting system, i. e. , financial statements. The accountability view stresses the system behind the financial statements. Second, the accountability view anticipates the pressure to bias accounting information and emphasizes the establishment of a system that is strong enough to withstand such pressures. Third, the accountability view treats the accounting system as the equilibrium outcome of the accountor-accountee relationship. Three parties are involved in an accountability relationship: accountee, accountor, and accountant. The accountability relationship normally requires the accountor to account to the accountee for his (accountor’s) activities and the consequences thereof. The accountor keeps detailed records for the benefit of the accountee. An accountant joins this relationship as a third party. He helps the accountor to account for his activities and supplies information to the accountee. Ijiri (1975) thus treats the accountee and the accountor symmetrically (Sunder1997: 6). In an accountability relationship, the accountor is responsible to the accountee for the achievement of the goals assigned to the accountor. Information on the accountor’s progress toward the achievement of the goals must be supplied to the accountee. The key issue in accounting is, thus, ‘measurement of the economic performance of the accountor’ (Ijiri 1975:ix, italics in original). The accountability view should be the basis of flow of information from the entity to the users. He emphasizes the accountee’s ‘right to know’. The purpose of the introduction of this concept in Ijiri’s scheme seems to limit the users who are entitled to have information from the entity. 8 However, Ijiri’s purpose of limiting the recipients of accounting information is not served by the concept ‘right to know’ due to the broad basis of accountability. ‘The accountability relationship may be created by a constitution, a law, a contract, an organization rule, a custom, or even by an informal moral obligation. A corporation is accountable to its shareholders, creditors, emp loyees, consumers, the government, or the public in general based on a variety of relationships created between them’ (Ijiri 1975: ix). This quotation indicates that virtually everybody has the right to know from the entity. We have noted that Ijiri is a strong supporter of the historical cost principle. He offers three major justifications in favour of this principle. First, the proper functioning of accountability rests on proper records of past activities. And, the historical cost principle requires the recording of all actual transactions. Second, this principle yields the most useful performance measure. Other bases of measurement such as net realizable value and replacement costs may be useful to some decisions. Ijiri rejects these bases for continuous recording on the ground that these bases are based on actions (i. e. , selling and buying at the balance sheet date) that entity normally does not intend to undertake. Thus, he invokes the going concern assumption here. Ijiri says that value is two-dimensional concept. These are sacrifice value and benefit value. Ijiri opts for the sacrifice value i. e. , historical cost on the ground of hardness of the measure. Third, historical cost is useful to economic decisions in general. [pic]

Personal Statement for Senior Supprt Worker Essay Example

Personal Statement for Senior Supprt Worker Essay Example Personal Statement for Senior Supprt Worker Essay Personal Statement for Senior Supprt Worker Essay Essay Topic: Senior I have worked in various social care settings for over 5 years from which I gained a broad knowledge in providing professional support to service users to enable and promote independent living and fulfilment. I am a conscientious worker and a credible team player with high degree of flexibility towards performance of my work. In the course of seeking both personal and professional development I have pursued and achieved several trainings and qualifications which include NVQ level 2 3 in Health and Social Care and level 3 in Health and Safety to facilitate my aspired role as a senior community support worker. I assume various responsibilities at Eastway care and this has equipped me to work within non-discriminatory and legislative framework as well as adherence continually to Eastway care operational policies and procedures. Amongst my duties as a community support worker are to support the service users in their daily activities while upholding the service users’ dignity, support with personal hygiene, feeding, toileting etc while safeguarding and protecting them from any form of abuse (SOVA). I am highly skilled in implementing Person Centred Planning (PCP) starting from preparing the support plan to formulate the person centred reviews to ensure the individuals make an informed decision and also respecting and supporting their choice, wishes, aspirations e. g. oney management, housing, career development et al. I always maintain high level of confidentiality and excellent interpersonal skills which enable me to interact and communicate effectively with both service users and colleagues easily regardless of any form of barriers present. I work within the guidelines of â€Å"valuing People† at all time which has made me more sensitive to the diversity entrenched in our society and convince that promoting independence go a long way to enrich the individual’s ability, skills and knowledge no matter how minimal. Consequently I always research and evaluate support services available within and outside our local domain to achieve development by supporting the individual to access these relevant facilities e. g. gym, obtain/renew freedom pass, taxi card, supported employment, vocational training and colleges. I am skilled at promoting principles of inclusion by integrating and supporting the service users into the wider community by visiting museums, libraries, parks, travel training and other leisure centres. I perform group leading roles being a natural leader with high success by delegating responsibility to my colleagues within the group and mentor other new staff by guiding them through Eastway care culture of professional service delivery. I boast an enviable record of success as a team player and supportive member of staff team. I possess advance skills in numeracy and literacy with strong IT application knowledge. This has helped me to handle both service users’ money and company petty cash management properly on budget. As an Health and safety Officer skilled in risk assessment and management I approach my job with pragmatic attitude ensuring safety and security of the entire people in and around the premises by supporting the fire officers in carrying out safety and fire drilling activities including emergency procedures and testing, ensuring floor areas are free of any hazardous objects, inducting new staff and proactively maintaining functioning and safe equipment at all times while ensuring compliance to the established government laws and Eastway care policies and procedures on fire, health and safety. I am skilled in preparation and administration of medication as evident in my NVQ level 3 optional unit in addition to Eastway care training i. e. First Aid at work, RV training, administration of PRNs, Buccal midazolam, Rectal diazepam and other general medication. I enjoy learning as I believe nobody has monopoly of knowledge so I learn from others as and when required through exchange of feedback, supervision, on the spot enquiry to improve my work performance and awareness of individual service user’s needs to be able to work effectively. I have always believed that service users can and should have a dynamic, fun-filled and vibrant lifestyle and this has made me to be flexible towards my job in accordance to Eastway care policies and procedures by subjecting personal needs to the advantage of corporate demand. I possess skills and credible experience in supporting individual with challenging behaviour and have record of working with such individuals successfully. At this point I can state with confidence that I am more than equipped to perform brilliantly if considered for the post of senior community support worker and to continue to improve professionally learning more and adapting to the dynamic nature of our industry.

Understand the Difference Between Organic and Inorganic

Understand the Difference Between Organic and Inorganic The word organic means something very different in chemistry than it does when youre talking about produce and food. Organic compounds and inorganic compounds form the basis of  chemistry.  The primary difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Also, nearly all organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds. Note, containing carbon is not sufficient for a compound to be considered organic! Look for both carbon and hydrogen. Did You Know? Organic and inorganic chemistry are two of the main disciplines of chemistry. An organic chemist studies organic molecules and reactions, while an inorganic chemistry focuses on inorganic reactions. Examples of Organic Compounds or Molecules Molecules associated with living organisms are organic. These include nucleic acids, fats, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and hydrocarbon fuels. All organic molecules contain carbon, nearly all contain hydrogen, and many also contain oxygen. DNAtable sugar or sucrose, C12H22O11benzene, C6H6methane, CH4ethanol or grain alcohol, C2H6O Examples of Inorganic Compounds Inorganics include salts, metals, substances made from single elements and any other compounds that dont contain carbon bonded to hydrogen. Some inorganic molecules do, in fact, contain carbon. table salt or sodium chloride, NaClcarbon dioxide, CO2diamond (pure carbon)silversulfur Organic Compounds Without  C-H Bonds Few organic compounds dont contain carbons of these exceptions include: carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)urea [CO(NH2)2] Organic Compounds and Life While most organic compounds encountered in chemistry are produced by living organisms, its possible for the molecules to form through other processes. For example, when scientists talk about organic molecules discovered on Pluto, this doesnt mean there are aliens on the world. Solar radiation can provide energy to produce organic compounds from inorganic carbon compounds.

Korean American Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Managing Nonprofits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Managing Nonprofits - Research Paper Example This paradigm shift has resulted in certain perceptions that question their integrity, their mission and purpose as well as their role in the society. As more and more nonprofit organizations are adopting the approach, there is a need to redefine their roles and approach towards the society. The tendency to become business-like is a very interesting paradox (Malamut and Thomas, 2008). The nonprofit organizations have been battling with the issue of very less support from governments as well as private donors. At the same time, there was also an increased pressure of demands from the society. Paradoxically, in this situation, efficiency mattered and easiest way to achieve this efficiency was by embracing the best practices of the business world. However, instead of just adopting the best business practices, the non profits went a step further and adopted many business related approaches, there by become more corporate like in their structure as well as approach. One important conseque nce that came out of adopting this strategy was that the culture, business, mission and even public image of the non-profit organizations got undermined. This study is an attempt to identify the public perception about non-profit organizations and to recommend different ways using which these organizations can be managed both efficiently and effectively, maintaining both ethical and legal practices, remaining financially solvent as well as attending to the mission of service. A nonprofit organization is an organization that does not distribute its surplus money to its founders or stakeholders and neither does it goes public to issue stocks or shares. Instead, any funds or surplus amount is used to achieve the primary mission of the organizations (Laidler-Kylander and Simonin, 2009). Organizations such as charities, trade organizations, arts organizations and so on fall under this category. In the parlance of nonprofit organizations,

The implications of the European monetary union Essay Example for Free

The implications of the European monetary union Essay In this report, I will be addressing the implications of the European monetary union and the problems Zeus will have in developing their market in Europe. The UK and EMU When the UK decided not to join the European monetary union (EMU) in 1999, it affected UK businesses, especially those who trade within the EU. Does it matter whether sterling is in or out? For many UK Businesses, trading within the EU has become more competitive. After the introduction of the Euro, an Italian company for example, competing for a German companies business could cut 3% of costs due to their common currency, making it harder for UK business to compete. Currently UK businesses are paying à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3bn per year in exchange rates, which hit small firms like Zeus the hardest. Advantages By joining the single currency, British businesses will benefit from a fixed exchange rate allowing businesses to plan and budget for future activities more accurately. Fixed exchange rates will deliver stability and increase confidence that will lead to more investment and jobs. By staying out of the Euro Britain will be at a disadvantage to competitors in the Eurozone who already trade with each other using the same currency. The development of free trade has contributed enormously to the economic prosperity across the EU, with the strong position of the wealthier nations and helping to bring the poorer nations more stability and economic success. The introduction of a single currency removes one of the final barriers to free trade i.e. the transaction costs and the uncertainty involved in currency conversion. The removal of national currencies will encourage cross-border investment since the traditional reluctance of many investors to move their money into a currency other than their own will no longer be a factor. Businesses across the Eurozone will therefore be able to attract more investors from other Eurozone countries, and investment will be based on the competitiveness of a business rather than its nationality. This will increase the pressure on uncompetitive businesses to improve their efficiency. An increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions will also lead to more streamlined and efficient businesses across the Eurozone. Disadvantages Most of Britain international trade is carried out in US dollars, a currency against which the pound has enjoyed far more stability than has the Euro. The fact that the pound has risen so much against the Euro since the Euros launch is a sign of the Euros weakness. Changeover to the Euro would be endured by all businesses in the UK, whether or not they trade with Eurozone countries. Most British companies, sell to local markets. These firms would still incur the costs of conversion and not see any benefit from the removal of currency transaction costs. While there would be a saving from the absence of currency transactions for exporters, these would be offset by the costs of the changeover. There have been fears that inward investment in British based industry would suffer as a result of staying out of the Euro, the reality has been very different. In 2001 the Office of National Statistics reported that inward investment in Britain for the 2000/2001 financial year was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½341 billion, an increase of 36% over the previous year. The theory that a single currency will lead to the harmonisation and lowering of prices across Europe seems hard to support. Regional differences in prices are a result of differences in levels of taxation as well as variations in labour, property and transportation costs. The cost of living in different parts of the UK varies considerably, even though all regions share the same currency. Less scrupulous retailers would use the introduction of the Euro to round-up prices, just as they did during decimalization 30 years ago. How This Effects Zeus Being part of the EMU will benefit a small company like Zeus, (see advantages above) however, there are some other factors that Zeus need to be aware of. Promotion and packaging will also have to change. The language and content on the wrapping and will have to that of the country it is being sold in. Health and safety requirements of products would have to meet one standard rather then having to adapt products for different countries, however since Zeus currently trade mainly in the USA they would need to adapt their product to EU standards in order to trade within the community, which might be costly but beneficial. Cost of the Benefit If the UK were to join the EMU, cost increases and reductions will occur. Change of Equipment The costs for UK businesses of abolishing the pound and substituting the euro would be massive notes and coins would need to be replaced, along with cash registers, cash dispensing machines, accounting systems etc. The retail sector would have to undergo a complete renovation of cash systems. The costs of this changeover would affect all businesses in the UK, whether or not they trade with Europe and whether or not they will benefit. Consumers and businesses would have to pay for these costs through higher prices and taxes. It would take years before the trivial day-to-day savings on European transactions outweighed the costs of the changeover. More Competitive Markets The Euro ensures companies will face a more integrated European market. Cross-border trade and investment will be stimulated and competition strengthened in many markets. Businesses who see foreign exchange risk and transaction costs as barriers to cross-border trade are likely to move into new markets once these barriers are removed. New business start-ups may also be encouraged. Transparent Price Differences It will be possible to directly compare prices for the same goods and services in different EU countries and spot the best prices. Despite the SEM, price disparities persist as a result of differential pricing policies, tax rates, transportation costs, national market structures, and perceived product values. The ability for consumers to compare prices will move prices towards the lowest market level and businesses will find it hard to maintain pricing policies by country and currency. Treasury and Finance For many European businesses the Euro will present opportunities for long-term savings altering balance sheets, cash flow management, currency management, and corporate finance. Businesses with units operating in different currencies will be able to record and compare all accounting values, margins, costs, expenditures etc. in one currency. Such transparency may greatly assist in processes of internal planning, accounting, and benchmarking. Foreign Exchange Eurozone firms avoid the risk of exchange rate changes. Exchange rate movements dont impose a penalty but volatility in exchange markets and the unpredictability of rates can be costly. Many firms have opted to hedge exchange risks for long-dated transactions or included a margin in their prices to cover exchange rate movements. Under the single-currency, foreign exchange transaction costs are eliminated on internal dealings with benefits as much as 8% on the total price of industrial goods. Wage Transparency Employees will find it easier to calculate and compare wages between workers in different countries within the same company. Transparency of wages will bring salary convergence closer to reality and increase labour mobility. Variations in salary and remuneration exist today and workers always ask why are they paid that much over there when Im paid this much here?, firms can usually demonstrate difference in taxation, benefits, purchasing power etc. by country and currency. Organisations need to consider how to set fair and competitive remuneration packages in a Euro-denominated environment. Lower Borrowing Costs Its axiomatic with a single currency and single central bank that there will be a single interest rate. Banks will lend in Euros and enterprises will be able to borrow from outside their countries without incurring the risk of exchange rates, reducing borrowings costs. Cost savings may be greatest in countries where Euro interest rates fall below previous rates. The introduction of the Euro should favour the development of new financing methods. Overall, firms should have more choice and flexibility in raising finance and, in many cases, will face lower costs. How This Effects Zeus All these costs are going to affect Zeus and it might be a good idea for Zeus to look into these costs now, if they want to stay trading in years to come. Moving Production Many multi-national companies have expressed misgivings of Britain staying out of the Euro and state it could affect investments in British jobs. Companies want to know the value of the goods they sell from the UK will not decrease due to fluctuations in the exchange rate between Britain and the European countries and the cost of British labour will not rise significantly due to a strengthening pound. However, American, Asian and other foreign companies favour the UK as a base for their European operations because of factors such as culture, language, a de-regulated, business friendly environment, and low levels of taxation and corruption. EMU entry could reduce the cost of capital for UK firms if long-term interest rates fell within the EU and if membership of a larger financial market reduced the cost of finance. These costs could fall for SMEs in particular if joining EMU lowers the barriers which prevent SMEs accessing EU financial markets and lowers the cost of bank lending. Over time, EMU is likely to boost cross-border investment flows and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Eurozone. The UKs share of total EU FDI flows has fallen, coinciding with the start of EMU, and a corresponding increase in the share of the Eurozone. But against the backdrop of many other influences on FDI flows, its difficult to say EMU has boosted FDI within the Eurozone. Successfully operating EMU and UK membership of it on the right basis, would boost FDI over the longer-term. The longer membership of the euro is delayed, gains of increased inward investment are postponed. If sustainable and durable convergence is achieved, then the quantity and quality of investment would increase. How This Effects Zeus If Zeus was to relocate to Europe, there would be decreased production, transport and currency costs however the initial outlay moving into Europe will be costly but allow Zeus to be in the market they wish to operate in. The skills and expertise of the workforce of that county may not have what Zeus require and may cost more money training employees to the standard required. Moving production into a different country may benefit the company as all countries have differing resources, like labour. Zeus will need to evaluate all the factors involved in moving production and decided wheather it would be beneficial for them. Expansion in Europe With more than half the UKs trade with the EU and increasing integration of product, labour and capital markets, the UKs economic interest is best pursued through a deepening cooperation with other European countries as part of the Governments commitment to a strong EU and a successful EMU. As the Prime Minister said in November 2002: We should have more self-confidence because we are a leading European power, always have been and always will be. However, there are implications to expanding a businesses share in the European market. The Governments objectives These global and European trends are mirrored in the Governments central economic objective for the UK to build a stronger, more enterprising economy and a fairer society, extending economic opportunity and supporting those most in need to ensure that rising national prosperity is shared by all. and strategy Stability, productivity and employment opportunity are the foundations of the Governments economic strategy. Since 1997, the Government has taken tough decisions and introduced wide-ranging reforms to establish a platform of economic stability and to promote work and enterprise, tackle poverty and deliver sustained investment to modernise public services. The Governments decision on UK membership of the single currency must contribute to these objectives. The benefits from adoption to the euro depend on trade integration between the UK and the Eurozone through the elimination of currency fluctuations and transaction costs. The UK has increased trade within the EU since joining. Chart 5.3 shows how UK trade with the EU has risen by 5%. The impact of EMU on UK trade, competition, productivity and growth thorugh substantial possible gains EMU membership could enhance productivity in the medium-term by increasing trade and investment and stimulating competition, also helping to promote economic reform in the EU and encourage specialisation in the longer-term. Therefore, EMU could effect the five key drivers of productivity. Based on broad-based evidence on the impact of trade, it seems reasonable to assume that each 1% increase of trade to GDP increases real GDP per head by at least 1/3 % in the long run and perhaps as much as 2/3 %. In a best case scenario, with stability through sustainable and durable convergence, a long-term increase in trade with the Eurozone at the top of the 5% to 50% range and increased investment spurring competition, UK output could be around 9% higher over 30 years within a successful EMU than outside. This could add around 1/4% a year to GDP growth. but not without sustainable and durable convergence Conditional on the achievement of sustainable and durable convergence between the UK and the euro area. Where it is not assured, the trade benefits from EMU would be likely to be at the lower end of the range, meaning gains to trade and competition from membership could be negligible. Estimates suggest a lack of flexibility and convergence in some EU countries. However, EMU has increased trade within the EU by 3% and 20% since 1999. Volatility and uncertainty resulting from EMU membership in the absence of sustainable and durable convergence could have a negative impact on the actual level of UK output in the long-term. The Governments strategy to tackle the barriers to productivity growth and close the productivity gap, involves continued microeconomic reforms in the UK to target the five key drivers of productivity combined with support at the European level for policies to strengthen competition and the Single Market. How This Effects Zeus Expanding into the European market place has two major implications that Zeus will need to consider. Firstly that since EMU, theres increased competitiveness within the EU and Zeus may find it hard to compete if their strategy and overall business is not strong. And when the 10 new countries enter the EU and join the EMU, it could decrease sales and profits even production as their economies are weaker then the rest of the EU and would affect Zeus expansion into Europe. Political Implications There are as expected, political implications to expansion into the European marketplace. In the UK, taxation on businesses is not as high as other EU countries, as the UK government want to promote economic growth. If the EU were to set the level of interest and taxation for all Eurozone countries it may not be beneficial for all countries or their goals. It could be seen as too much involvement and lack of sovereignty power and could cause bureaucracy and federalism. It could be argued that by joining the EMU the UK would lose its economic and political sovereignty; something the UK is not currently ready to give up for the euro and its benefits. To protect their own interests, countries can restrict imports by putting limitations, subsidies, quota or import duties to imports to protect industries. But this does nothing to protract free trade within the EU. Free trade was developed to increase political and economic stability within the EU. How This Effects Zeus Businesses like Zeus will need to consider political implications. Zeus will benefit from the movement of free trade within the EU, and the low taxation within the UK for businesses, however there are other political issues that Zeus will need to consider whether they stay in the UK or move into Europe. These are; o Social policies ~ health and safety standards, holiday/sick pay, working time directive, working conditions etc. o Environmental requirements ~ such as noise and pollution levels, safety fittings etc. o Technological ~ does the technology meet business requirements? do the workforce know how to use the equipment? etc. Recommendation I would recommend that Zeus stay in the UK. When the 10 new countries join the EU, EMU will be affected and it would be well advised to consider in the future expanding into Poland as they are in the centre of the EU and have a highly skilled and are inexpensive workforce to employ. Currently it would beneficial for Zeus to stay in the UK due to the governments objective to build a stronger economy. I would recommend that Zeus seriously look into moving or expansion into Europe and see how this mirrors with current and demand. Bibliography Books Palmer A, The Business Environment, 2002 Mercado S, European Business, Pitman, 2001 Piggott J, International Business Economics, 1999 Davison Purple, The European Competitive Environment, 1995 Websites www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/business www.gov.org.uk www.offical-documents.co.uk HND UNIT 29: European Business

Mussolini And Fascism Essay -- essays research papers

Fascism is the philosophy that exercises a dictatorship through the use of violence. There are two main areas fascism deals with. An elitist approach that makes the peoples' will on a select group with a supreme leader who governs all. The other approach is the populist approach in which the government wishes to have all its people act out against the government's oppressors. (Baradat) Fascism came from the word fasces, a bundle of sticks that were bound to an ax, which was supposed to represent "civic unity and the authority of the Roman officials to punish wrongdoers," (www.funkandwagnall.com) There were three main philosophers who helped to shape the fascist theory, George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzesche, and George Hegal. Sorel had the notion that societies became "decadent and disorganized" naturally. This leading to the use of violence to prevent a decay of nation of this kind. Nietzsche had the theory that two moral codes made up the community. Then there was the ruling class, who created the great empires of the past. Then there was the oppressed class that contributed to the community by bringing in religious ideas and views. This class was also known as the slave morality. Nietzsche also came up with the idea of the perfect man, "overman," who symbolized man at his peak in creativity and his highest intellectual range. The last influential philosopher was George Hegal and agreed with Sorel that war was a necessary thing that brought about unity to the state, while peace only gave way to a weak society. Fascist thinking lives on the idea that the group is working for the benefit of the community. It wishes to organize the government in an attempt to gain power in the state. All the people of the state work for the state's gain and nothing more. The state also in turn should be there for the people if the need arises for things such as food, money, and shelter. (Baradat) Fascism emphasizes nationalism. (www.funkwagnalls.com) "For Fascism, the growth of the empire is an essential manifestation of vitality." It is a governing system best suited for communities who are rising after many years of foreign servitude. (www.fordham.edu) Military conquest was seen as a way to solve the nation's economic problems. The Fascist male was thought to be a Darwinian and not humanitarian. He should ... ...entually returned to his earlier ideas of socialism and collectivization. However, he also executed some of his former Fascist followers who had turned on him, this included his son-in-law, Galeazzo Ciano. Upon trying to escape to Switzerland with his mistress Clara, Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans and executed. Baradat, Leon. Politcal Ideologies. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994. Funk and Wagnalls Multimedia Encyclopedia: Fascism. http://funkandwagnalls.com/encycopedia/getpage.asp?book=FWENCO†¦/008000150.as Modern History Sourcebook: Benito Mussolini: What is Fascism, 1932. http://www.fordham.edu/halsll/mod/mussolini-fascism.html World War II Commemoration: Benito Mussolini. http://gi.grolier/wwii_mussolini.html

Huckleberry Finn’s Impact on Modern American Literature Essay

Ernest Hemingway once said â€Å"all modern American literature began with Huckleberry Finn. † Huckleberry Finn, a remarkably well written novel by Mark Twain, has received almost excessive praise since it was written and first published in 1884. On the other hand, it has been condemned for vulgarity and accused of stealing Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s thunder. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a similar novel about slavery written about thirty-two years earlier. Huckleberry Finn’s impact on modern American literature was so great that it could be compared to Shakespeare’s impact on European theater. To be the true basis of modern American literature, a novel would have to be centered on American concepts. One of the most prominent American concepts is â€Å"the American Dream†. Huckleberry Finn is the first novel to encompass â€Å"the American Dream†, chronically many different Americans’ approach to their own American dream, and how they chase it. One instance of this in Huckleberry Finn is when Huck and Jim coincidentally become raft-mates with two swindlers, going about their dream of finding fortune in an illegal and morally wrong way, taking advantage of ladies, children, the elderly and even men. Twain does a superb job of demonstrating â€Å"the American dream† and the consequences of chasing it ruthlessly. Intertwined with the stories of dream chasers is another American concept, a black slave’s mistreatment and his search for his dream, freedom. Although Twain wrote the novel after slavery was abolished, he set it several decades earlier, when slavery was still a fact of life. But even by Twain’s time, things had not necessarily gotten much better for blacks in the South. In this light, one might read Twain’s depiction of slavery as an allegorical representation of the condition of blacks in the United States, even after the abolition of slavery. This is shown prominently throughout the novel through the co- protagonist, a black slave named Jim, and his adventures and misadventures. A particular instance is when Jim and Huck have been nothing but accommodating to the two swindlers mentioned previously but the swindlers report Jim as a runaway slave and have him captured for monetary gain. The white swindlers show the unjust, repulsive way that blacks are being treated. Modern American literature is used expertly as a propaganda tool and Huckleberry Finn is one of the first instances of using literature to enlighten the masses about the evils of slavery. Another important contribution that Huckleberry Finn has made to American literature is vernacular speech. This is a key characteristic of American literature and helps to show American regionalism from that time period. Dialogue in the book is directly affected by the race of the speaker and his or her region of origin. Through Twain’s sometimes inappropriate character speech, a reader feels as if they are truly listening to people talk because of the uncensored feel to the dialogue. Huckleberry Finn has also been under fire for its â€Å"straight- talk†, particularly for using racial slurs involving Jim and other slaves. However, Twain’s use of racial slurs ironically helps portray the anti- racist attitude of the book. Opponents to the statement that Huckleberry Finn is the basis for all modern American literature would venture to say that Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is a more influential novel. An argument for this is that Uncle Tom’s Cabin came before Huckleberry Finn and showed a more detailed account of the horrors of slavery because the novel was based simply on slavery. While it is correct that Uncle Tom’s Cabin came before Mark Twain’s novel, Huckleberry Finn is the clear winner because of the way Mark Twain subliminally weaves in his view on slavery and is able to lead any reader to understand why slavery is morally wrong, without the reader even realizing it. While Shakespeare is inarguably the best playwright of all time, Huckleberry Finn takes on a similar title for American literature, though somewhat less grand. Huckleberry Finn is such a prime American work because of its encompassment of American concepts, ability to persuade, subliminal anti-slavery morality, and vernacular language, of which no other American novel before it can also brag, including Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Huckleberry Finn is a novel entirely worthy of the honorable title â€Å"basis for all modern American literature†.

Post Partum Depression Essay

ABSTRACT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every woman who becomes a mother has their own reasons of being happy after giving birth to a child. The first days of a child in their arms seems to be the greatest gift that they have ever received in their entire lives. However, things at times turn out uneasily different as the view of the mother to her new born child and at times even towards her husband changes. At some point, she treats the people visiting her in a wrong manner. Being overly anxious about things and extremely depressed in either the morning or the evening becomes her usual reaction to the things happening around her. Is she going crazy? No, she is simply experiencing Post Partum Depression. It is a matter of situation by which a new mother’s hormones are unstable that her emotions are controlled by the changes that her body undergoes after giving birth to her child. This is the main issue that shall be tackled within the paper that follows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How does one understand what Post Partum Depression really is? How is it supposed to be dealt with by the mother and by other people living around her? Is it a serious problem that needs medical treatment? How will the family members know when to ask for professional help? TO the women experiencing this particular matter of situation, how would they be able to overcome it? These are only among the few questions that shall be addressed in the paper that shall be presented herein. Through the discussions that shall be noted in this paper, the importance of addressing the matter shall be noted clearly as to how the procedures of dealing with the issue could be practically applied in actual situations. POST PARTUM DEPRESSION: Dealing With the Ups and Downs of New Motherhood Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The wonder of giving birth is something that is considered as a given gift solely to the feminine gender of the human population. However, the after effects of this particular wonder also belong solely to the women. What is it that makes giving birth a highly depressive matter for some women? This is where the issue of Post Partum Depression comes into light. Undeniably, the process of dealing with this issue is something that needs careful attention not only be the women involved in the situation but also by the people living around them. The term â€Å"postpartum depression† refers to depressive episodes following childbirth. These can occur after the birth of any child, not just the first. Depressive episodes can even follow a miscarriage or termination of a pregnancy. According to the Office on Women’s Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there is a wide range in the severity of the symptoms. Many women experience postpartum blues, or baby blues, characterized by mild sadness, anxiety, irritability, fluctuating moods, and fatigue. These blues are considered normal and are short-lived, resolving themselves without medical help within about ten days after childbirth. However, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists estimates that in 1 out of 10 new mothers, these feelings escalate and go beyond the first few days. They can even appear several months after the birth. This may be full-fledged postpartum depression, in which the feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair are so intense that the new mother has trouble coping with her daily tasks. Additionally, between 1 and 3 new mothers in every 1,000 suffer from an even more severe form of depression called postpartum psychosis, in which the mother has delusions or hallucinations that often focus on hurting herself or her baby. This latter condition requires immediate medical attention. There is no single clearly defined cause of postpartum depression. Both physical and emotional factors seem to be involved. One physical factor may be that in the first 24 to 48 hours after delivery, estrogen and progesterone levels drop sharply, to a point lower than before conception, creating an abrupt change in the physiological state of the body. This may trigger depression in much the same way as mood swings and tension are triggered before menstrual periods. The level of hormones produced by the thyroid may also drop after childbirth. This could result in symptoms that mimic depression. For these reasons researchers are calling PPD a â€Å"biochemical and hormonal disorder.† Interestingly, one medical newsletter suggests that postpartum depression may be caused by a nutritional imbalance, perhaps a B-complex deficiency. Fatigue and lack of sleep can also play a role. Says Dr.  Steven I. Altchuler, a psychiatrist at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, U.S.A.: â€Å"In the period shortly after childbirth, lack of energy and an inability to sleep may make minor problems seem much more major. Some women might be frustrated to find that they have difficulty coping with things that they had handled well before delivery, without the baby blues, and with a full night’s sleep.† Emotional factors such as an unplanned pregnancy, a premature birth, loss of freedom, concern about attractiveness and lack of support can also add to depression. Additionally, there are several common myths about being a mother that can contribute to a woman’s feeling depressed and feeling that she is a failure. These include the idea that motherhood skills are instinctive, that bonding should be immediate, that the baby will be perfect and never fussy, and that the new mother should be perfect. In real life this is not the case. Mothering skills need to be learned, bonding often takes time, some babies are easier to care for than others, and no mother is perfect or a super mom. Obviously from this particular overview of the situation, post partum depression stands as a common thing that is experienced by women who have given birth to young infants. As common as it is, the situation is indeed something that could be dealt with conscientiously. Through the process of understanding the situation towards the process of making amends with the person dealing with the dilemma, the problem with Post Partum Depression could be won. Methodology and Result Presentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand how women affected by Post partum Depression react towards the problem, the researcher of this paper decided to interview at least 20 women who have just given birth with at least three days from the actual delivery of their babies. This interview-survey has been delivered by the researcher to finally give a lighter view of the dilemma that women deal with after giving birth to their infants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interviewees consisted of both first time mothers and experienced mothers alike so as to set the matter of differences and similarities between the cases that needs concern in the issue of dealing with PPD [Post Partum Depression]. Until recently, postpartum depression was often not taken seriously. Dr.  Laurence Kruckman points out: â€Å"Women’s mental health issues have been overlooked and labeled in the past as hysteria, not worthy of concern. The American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual (DSM  IV) has never fully acknowledged the presence of postpartum illness, and as a result, doctors have not been educated about it nor has reliable data been obtained. .  .  . And unlike 30 years ago, mothers often go home from the hospital within 24 hours. Most postpartum psychoses, blues and some depression occur within three to 14 days following birth. So the mothers are already at home and not screened by professionals who know the symptoms.† However, according to Dr.  Carol E. Watkins of the Northern County Psychiatric Associates in Baltimore, Maryland, if left undiagnosed or untreated, postpartum depression can lead to long-term depression and difficulty in bonding with the baby. Depressed mothers may passively ignore their baby’s needs or, conversely, lose control and use physical punishment to discipline their infants. This can negatively affect the cognitive and emotional development of the child. For example, an article in the journal American Family Physician suggests that young children of depressed mothers perform more poorly on cognitive tests than those of mothers who were not depressed. Additionally, postpartum depression can adversely affect the other children and the husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore the results of the interview-survey used in this research yielded the following diagrammatic presentations. To understand the issue clearly, the illustrations are to be presented as follows: The Elements of POST PARTUM DEPRESSION: DIAGRAM 1:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explanation:   From the diagram noted herein, it is noticeable enough that the women involved with Post Partum Depression deal with different anxieties causing the situation to worsen. Being overly anxious about not being cared about and being less treated well by the other members of the family because of the arrival of the new infant is indeed a matter of elemental factor that brings a greater pressure on the mother experiencing PDD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the major reason why dealing with the issue involves not only the woman or her husband alone but also the other members of the family as well. The following points are considered to be among the most effective procedures of dealing with the dilemma according to the studies that had been made under the topic of Post Partum Depression. The said points of consideration are as follows: Talk to someone about your feelings, particularly other mothers. Ask others to help you with child care, household chores, and errands. Ask your husband to share in nighttime feeding duties and household chores. Find time to do something positive for yourself, even if it is for only 15 minutes a day. Try reading, taking a walk, taking a relaxing bath. Even if you can get only one thing done in any given day, this is a step in the right direction. There may be days when you cannot get anything done. Try not to be angry with yourself when this happens.   Isolation often perpetuates depression. Get dressed, and leave the house for at least a short while each day. Fresh air and a change of scenery will do you and your baby a lot of good. These particular patterns of dealing with the situation needs to be carefully understood by the person themselves. This means that the adjustment must come from the mother herself. What can be done? Do you just have to tough it out? It is comforting to know that postpartum depression has been found to be both temporary and treatable. While rest and family support may be all that is needed for mild symptoms, the key sign that medical attention is necessary is if the depression disrupts your ability to function, says the Office on Women’s Health. Common treatments are antidepressant medication, talking with a mental-health expert, hormone treatment, or a combination of these, depending upon the severity of the case. Kangaroo, or skin-to-skin, care of the baby may also lessen maternal depression. There are also such alternative treatments as herbs, acupuncture, and homeopathic remedies. However, there are some things that you can do personally to cope. These include eating a nutritious diet (including fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals); avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and sugar; exercising in moderation; and taking a nap when your baby is asleep. Since a major factor in postpartum depression is lack of proper rest, other people can help by assuming some of the household chores and sharing in child care. Studies show that far less postpartum depression occurs where the extended family rallies around to provide support and instruction. Many times a person can be of great assistance by just being a sympathetic listener, giving the new mother reassurance, and avoiding criticizing or judging. Remember, PPD is a physical disorder and is not self-induced. As the organization Postpartum Education for Parents points out, â€Å"a woman cannot ‘pull herself together’ any more than she could if she had the flu, diabetes, or heart disease.† From the foregoing, it can be seen that although the postpartum period can be a wonderful time for new mothers, it can also be stressful. Understanding it can help us to give the support new mothers need. The Use of Hoe Massage Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every massage therapy is supposed to make close amends with the situation of the persons being affected by post partum depression. A touch therapy such as that of massage could play a great help for those suffering from the dilemma. Undoubtedly, the Hoe massage therapy which is a Japanese originated massage procedure is sure to make a sufferer of post partum depression feel relaxed as it rejuvenates the being of a person through natural scents and aroma therapy altogether. The holistic process of massaging the body would make the patient feel relived and rejuvenated to face another day of turmoil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, the hoe massage is an undoubted process that is now being applied to most patients undergoing the effects of Post Partum Depression. Such patients who have   experienced this massage have given considerable reactions that they were certainly given the best approach of healing that they could ever imagine through the Hoe Massage Therapy applied on them for several weeks and even months. They even said that when they feel stressful, even when the postpartum dilemma is over, they resort to how massage therapy just the same to calm things down and bring their spirit to a renewed state. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding Post Partum Depression is a vital part in dealing with the dilemma that new mothers mostly deal with. The after birth depression among new mothers, both first time and non-first-timers have naturally brought problems to new families. Not understanding the situation underlying this particular matter would make things certainly confusing as the mother would naturally require the same level of attention that is further given by the father or other members of the family to the newly born infant. Scheduling activities and providing further assistance with that of the relaxing time of the mother should be given close attention by the family members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understandably, Post Partum Depression is a matter of situation that could be dealt with through the application of full control of the situation with ample patience and understanding from the people involved. Constant understanding of the situation with the application of the necessary measures needed to treat the dilemma should be well viewed so as to bring fine results to the mother of the child and the other family members as well. Through this, the development of the dilemma could be expected to yield fine results on the part of the woman or the mother overcoming the dilemma brought about bu Post Partum Depression. References: Appleby, Louis, Rachel Warner, Brian Faragher, and Anna Whitton. A Controlled Study of Fluoxetine and Cognitive-Behavioural Counseling in the Treatment of Postnatal Depression. British Medical Journal. 314.n7085. 932-937   Appleby, Louis, Rachel Warner, Brian Faragher, and Anna Whitton. A Controlled Study of Fluoxetine and Cognitive-Behavioural Counseling in the Treatment of Postnatal Depression. British Medical Journal. 314.n7085. 932-937 Appleby, Louis, Rachel Warner, Brian Faragher, and Anna Whitton. A Controlled Study of Fluoxetine and Cognitive-Behavioural Counseling in the Treatment of Postnatal Depression. British Medical Journal. 314.n7085. 932-937 Fray, Kathy: â€Å"Oh Baby†¦Birth, Babies & Motherhood Uncensored†, pages 364-381, Random House NZ, 2005